Hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Genetics
• Biochemistry

Background:

• Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) involve complex genetic and biochemical pathways.
• Existing research has identified numerous factors contributing to NDDs.

Purpose of the Study:

• To present a unifying framework of eight core hallmarks of NDDs.
• To establish a basis for understanding NDD pathogenesis, classification, and treatment.

Main Methods:

• Literature review and synthesis of existing research on NDDs.
• Identification and description of eight key hallmarks and their biomarkers.

Main Results:

• Eight hallmarks of NDDs identified: protein aggregation, synaptic dysfunction, proteostasis imbalance, cytoskeletal issues, energy metabolism defects, DNA/RNA damage, inflammation, and cell death.
• Interactions between these hallmarks are described.
• Biomarkers for each hallmark are discussed.

Conclusions:

• A holistic framework based on eight hallmarks can advance NDD research.
• This framework supports defining pathogenic mechanisms and categorizing NDDs.
• It facilitates patient stratification and the design of personalized, multi-targeted therapies for NDDs.