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Surface Membrane Barriers

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The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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Targeting Skin Barrier Function in Atopic Dermatitis.

Ellen H van den Bogaard1, Peter M Elias2, Elena Goleva3

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. in Practice
|February 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease driven by skin barrier dysfunction. Understanding its complex causes, including genetics and environment, is key to developing new treatments for this allergic skin condition.

Keywords:
Aryl hydrocarbon receptorAtopic dermatitisBarrier repairDupilumabEczemaInterleukin-13Interleukin-4MoisturizerStaphylococcus aureus

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory skin condition.
  • Skin barrier dysfunction is a central pathological feature of AD.
  • The etiology of AD involves complex interactions between genetic, immune, and environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the multifaceted mechanisms underlying skin barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis.
  • To explore the role of genetic mutations, immune pathways, and environmental factors in AD pathogenesis.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets for novel treatments for AD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on atopic dermatitis pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of genetic, immunological, and environmental factors contributing to skin barrier defects.
  • Synthesis of information on alarmins, interleukins, and microbiome influences.

Main Results:

  • Skin barrier dysfunction is a common factor across AD phenotypes.
  • Genetic mutations and immune pathway activation (e.g., IL-4, IL-13) contribute to barrier defects.
  • Environmental factors like Staphylococcus aureus, pollution, and stress exacerbate AD through epithelial cell activation and alarmin release.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding AD's complex pathophysiology, particularly skin barrier dysfunction, is crucial.
  • This knowledge guides the development of innovative topical and systemic therapies.
  • Future treatments aim to restore skin barrier integrity and manage allergic inflammation in AD.