Cell death in the developing retinal ganglion cell layer of the wallaby Setonix brachyurus

The distribution and number of dying cells in the developing retinal ganglion cell layer of the wallaby Setonix brachyurus were assessed by using cresyl violet stained tissue. The density of dying cells has been expressed per 100 live cells for the entire retinal surface, data being presented as a grid of 500 micron squares. For statistical analysis, retinae were divided into 8 regions; dorsal, ventral, nasal, and temporal quadrants, each further divided into center and periphery. This method allowed comparison of the extent of cell death at different retinal locations as the high density area centralis of live cells developed temporal to the optic disk from 60 days onward. Between 30 and 70 days, dying cells were seen across the entire retina; beyond 100 days very few were seen. Initially, there was a significantly higher incidence of dying cells in the central retina compared to the periphery, whereas from 50 days this situation was reversed. Analysis of the central retina before and during area centralis formation consistently indicated a significantly lower number of dying cells per 100 live cells in temporal compared to other retinal quadrants. This differential pattern suggests that cell death lowers live cell densities less in the emerging area centralis than elsewhere, and therefore must play a part in establishing live cell density gradients. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that other factors are also instrumental. Indeed, factors such as areal growth (Beazley et al., in press) presumably operate at later stages since live cell density gradients continue to be accentuated even after cell death is complete. Numbers of dying cells peaked by 50 days, reaching approximately 1% of the live cell population. At this stage, counts were also maximal for live cells with values up to 30% above the adult range.