Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in Mithun (Bos frontalis): What progress has been made so far? An overview

Area of Science:

• Animal Science
• Reproductive Biology
• Conservation Genetics

Background:

• Mithun (Bos frontalis) are crucial to North East India's tribal communities, facing population decline due to habitat loss and over-slaughter.
• Traditional free-range systems limit genetic gain, while emerging semi-intensive methods show potential for integrating advanced breeding techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current status and future perspectives of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) for Mithun genetic improvement.
• To assess the feasibility of implementing ARTs beyond organized farms for broader Mithun conservation and husbandry.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on ARTs applicable to Mithun, including semen collection, cryopreservation, estrus synchronization, timed artificial insemination (TAI), multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET), and in vitro embryo production (IVEP).
• Analysis of the applicability and standardization of these techniques in Mithun husbandry.

Main Results:

• Semen collection and cryopreservation techniques for Mithun have been standardized.
• Estrus synchronization and TAI are identified as suitable technologies for near-future field implementation.
• The potential for community-based open nucleus-breeding systems integrating ARTs is highlighted as an alternative to traditional methods.

Conclusions:

• ARTs hold significant potential for rapid genetic improvement and conservation of the Mithun population.
• Wider adoption of standardized ARTs, particularly TAI, can be facilitated in field conditions.
• Future research should focus on integrating ARTs into improved breeding regimens for enhanced Mithun husbandry and genetic gain.