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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 9, 2025

A Push-pull Protocol to Reduce Colonization of Bird Nest Boxes by Honey Bees
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Spatial mismatch between wild bee diversity hotspots and protected areas.

Joan Casanelles-Abella1,2, Simone Fontana3,4, Eliane Meier5

  • 1Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.

Conservation Biology : the Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology
|February 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Wild bee diversity is shaped by climate and resources, with unique species in high elevations. Conservation efforts must include unprotected areas to protect these vital pollinators.

Keywords:
AnthophilaSuizaSwitzerlandantófilosbiodiversity facetcommunity-based conservationconservación basada en la comunidadelevation gradientfaceta de la biodiversidadgradiente de elevaciónprotected areaurbanizaciónurbanizationárea protegida保护地城市化基于社区的保护海拔梯度瑞士生物多样性各个方面蜜蜂

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Conservation Biology
  • Biodiversity Science

Background:

  • Wild bees are essential for ecosystems but face significant threats.
  • Understanding spatial patterns of wild bee diversity is crucial for effective conservation.
  • Current knowledge gaps hinder targeted conservation strategies for wild bees.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model wild bee diversity patterns across Switzerland.
  • To identify key drivers of wild bee diversity (climate, resources, human influence).
  • To assess the overlap between diversity hotspots and protected areas.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized site-level occurrence and trait data for 547 wild bee species across 3343 plots.
  • Calculated taxonomic and functional diversity metrics (alpha and beta).
  • Employed spatial predictive models with climate, vegetation, and land-use data as predictors.

Main Results:

  • Wild bee diversity varied with climate and resource availability; high elevations showed lower alpha diversity but higher beta diversity (unique species/traits).
  • Xeric areas supported more diverse bee communities.
  • Most diversity hotspots were located outside protected areas, highlighting a mismatch.

Conclusions:

  • Climate and resource availability are primary drivers of spatial wild bee diversity.
  • A spatial mismatch exists between biodiversity facets and protected areas, challenging conservation.
  • Conservation strategies need to integrate unprotected lands and utilize spatial modeling for future protected area planning.