Use of machine learning in the field of prosthetics and orthotics: A systematic narrative review

Although machine learning is not yet being used in clinical practice within the fields of prosthetics and orthotics, several studies on the use of prosthetics and orthotics have been conducted. We intend to provide relevant knowledge by conducting a systematic review of prior studies on using machine learning in the fields of prosthetics and orthotics. We searched the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Cochrane, Embase, and Scopus databases and retrieved studies published until July 18, 2021. The study included the application of machine learning algorithms to upper-limb and lower-limb prostheses and orthoses. The criteria of the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool were used to assess the methodological quality of the studies. A total of 13 studies were included in this systematic review. In the realm of prostheses, machine learning has been used to identify prosthesis, select an appropriate prosthesis, train after wearing the prosthesis, detect falls, and manage the temperature in the socket. In the field of orthotics, machine learning was used to control real-time movement while wearing an orthosis and predict the need for an orthosis. The studies included in this systematic review are limited to the algorithm development stage. However, if the developed algorithms are actually applied to clinical practice, it is expected that it will be useful for medical staff and users to handle prosthesis and orthosis.