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Related Concept Videos

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

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Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
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Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins02:26

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Protein domains are small structurally independent units that are part of a single amino acid chain.  Although these domains are often structurally independent, they may rely on synergistic effects to perform their functions as part of a larger protein. Protein domains may be conserved within the same organism, as well as across different organisms.
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Modern Molecular Taxonomy01:29

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Advancements in molecular biology have revolutionized the identification and characterization of bacteria, with multiple methods leveraging DNA sequencing for enhanced precision. As sequencing technologies improve and costs decline, these approaches are increasingly used in clinical, environmental, and evolutionary studies.Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) examines several housekeeping genes, essential chromosomal genes encoding cellular functions, to distinguish strains. Approximately...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli
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Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

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Structure-informed microbial population genetics elucidate selective pressures that shape protein evolution.

Evan Kiefl1,2, Ozcan C Esen1, Samuel E Miller1,3

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

Science Advances
|February 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study links genetic variation to protein structure in marine microbes. Nutrient availability shapes evolution by influencing genetic changes at protein binding sites.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbial Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Metagenomics offers insights into microbial evolution and ecology.
  • Interpreting genomic variation's evolutionary impact, especially adaptive vs. neutral processes, is challenging using only gene sequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a novel approach for analyzing genetic variation within the context of predicted protein structures.
  • To investigate evolutionary pressures on a dominant marine microbial population (SAR11 subclade 1a.3.V).

Main Methods:

  • Integrated analysis of genetic variation with predicted protein structures.
  • Application to a marine microbial population (SAR11 subclade 1a.3.V) from low-latitude surface oceans.
  • Examination of a key nitrogen metabolism gene.

Main Results:

  • A strong correlation was found between genetic variation and protein structure.
  • Nonsynonymous variants in ligand-binding sites of a nitrogen metabolism gene decreased with increasing nitrate concentrations.
  • This suggests nutrient availability drives distinct evolutionary pressures.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic variation is closely tied to protein structure, providing a more nuanced understanding of evolution.
  • Nutrient availability acts as a selective pressure, shaping microbial evolution at the molecular level.
  • This structure-aware approach enhances microbial population genetics research.