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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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COVID-induced thyroid autoimmunity.

Alessandro Brancatella1, Nicola Viola1, Ferruccio Santini1

  • 1Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|February 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is linked to autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), particularly Graves

Keywords:
COVID-19Graves’ diseaseHashimoto’s thyroiditisSARS-CoV-2autoimmune thyroid disease

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) arises from a loss of self-tolerance to thyroid antigens.
  • Infectious agents are hypothesized to trigger AITD.
  • Thyroid dysfunction, including subacute and destructive thyroiditis, has been observed during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the occurrence of AITD.
  • To analyze reported cases of AITD associated with COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on studies reporting AITD in conjunction with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • Analysis of case reports and series detailing Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis following COVID-19.

Main Results:

  • Nine cases of Graves' disease (GD) were reported in close temporal association with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • Three cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) were reported in association with COVID-19.
  • No evidence suggests AITD is a risk factor for severe COVID-19 outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with the onset of AITD, predominantly Graves' disease.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms linking SARS-CoV-2 to AITD.
  • Current data do not support a role for AITD in predicting COVID-19 severity.