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Related Concept Videos

Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management01:26

Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management

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IntroductionNephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder marked by excessive protein loss in the urine, leading to various systemic complications. This condition often results from damage to the glomeruli—the kidney's filtering units—causing proteinuria, low blood protein levels, and fluid retention. Understanding the assessment, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome is essential for effective treatment and prevention of further kidney damage.AssessmentPatient History: Document...
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Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

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Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
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Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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Nephrotic Syndrome III : Nursing Management01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome III : Nursing Management

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Nursing management for nephrotic syndrome adapts as the disease progresses, with strategies evolving to address advancing symptoms and complications.Early-Stage Management In the early stages, nursing interventions for nephrotic syndrome resemble those used in managing acute glomerulonephritis, focusing on symptom monitoring, fluid balance, and managing mild to moderate edema.Vital Signs: Regularly monitor blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, and temperature to promptly identify...
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Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

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Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
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Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
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Updated: Aug 9, 2025

Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis
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HIV-Associated Nephropathy in 2022.

Frederick Berro Rivera1, Marie Francesca Mapua Ansay2, Jem Marie Golbin3

  • 1Department of Medicine, Lincoln Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

Glomerular Diseases
|February 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary

HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is a serious kidney disease in people with HIV, often linked to the APOL1 gene. Current treatments combine antiretroviral therapy with other management strategies for better outcomes.

Keywords:
Chronic kidney diseaseGlomerular diseaseGlomerulonephritisHIV-associated nephropathyPathology

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Genetics

Background:

  • HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is a severe kidney disease exclusively affecting individuals with HIV.
  • It can progress to end-stage kidney disease, especially in HIV-1 positive patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of HIV-associated nephropathy.
  • To cover its epidemiology, disease mechanisms, genetic factors, clinical presentation, and management effects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current understanding of HIVAN.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data, genetic associations, clinical profiles, and treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Increased susceptibility to HIVAN in African Americans is linked to APOL1 gene variants (G1 and G2 alleles).
  • Diagnosis involves biopsy showing collapsing glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial microcysts.
  • Combined antiretroviral therapy and adjunctive treatments (e.g., RAAS inhibitors, steroids, renal replacement therapy) show benefits.

Conclusions:

  • HIVAN is a significant comorbidity in HIV patients, influenced by genetic factors like APOL1.
  • Effective management involves a multi-faceted approach combining antiretroviral therapy with supportive care.
  • Further research is needed to address existing gaps in definitive treatment strategies.