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Related Experiment Videos

Cognitive specificity in emotional distress.

R E Ingram1, P C Kendall, T W Smith

  • 1Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, California 92182.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
|October 1, 1987
PubMed
Summary

This study explored cognitive differences in depression and anxiety. Purely depressed individuals showed specific information processing and negative thinking, while purely anxious individuals exhibited selective information processing and cognitive interference.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Clinical psychology
  • Psychopathology

Background:

  • Cognitive factors are linked to emotional distress etiology, course, and treatment.
  • Previous research assessed cognitive factors in depression and anxiety separately.
  • A simultaneous assessment with identical measures was lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine cognitive specificity in depression and anxiety using identical measures.
  • To differentiate cognitive patterns associated with pure depression versus pure anxiety.
  • To contribute to a taxonomy of depressive and anxious cognition.

Main Methods:

  • Employed depression and test anxiety as models of emotional dysfunction.
  • Assessed cognitive specificity across information processing, attributions, automatic thinking, and cognitive interference.

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  • Compared cognitive measures in individuals with pure depression and pure anxiety.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified both similarities and differences in cognitive patterns between depression and anxiety.
    • Purely depressed individuals demonstrated selective processing of depressive information, dysfunctional attributions, and negative automatic thoughts.
    • Purely anxious individuals showed selective processing of anxious information and increased cognitive interference.

    Conclusions:

    • Cognitive specificity exists between depression and anxiety.
    • Findings support distinct cognitive profiles for different emotional disorders.
    • Results aid in developing a classification system for depressive and anxious cognition.