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Related Concept Videos

Plastic Deformations01:14

Plastic Deformations

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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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Updated: Aug 9, 2025

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INTERPLAST-Germany-adapting to global plastic surgery.

Andre Borsche1

  • 1Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Diakonie-Krankenhaus, Ringstr. 64, 55543 Bad Kreuznach, Germany.

European Journal of Plastic Surgery
|February 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Humanitarian plastic surgery missions, like INTERPLAST, offer effective aid by training local surgeons and establishing local surgical capacity. Future efforts should focus on sustainable, localized training to overcome logistical challenges in global health initiatives.

Keywords:
Developing countriesFacial reconstructionHumanitarian missionsINTERPLAST-Germany

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Area of Science:

  • Global Health
  • Plastic Surgery
  • Surgical Training

Background:

  • INTERPLAST, Inc. established in 1969 by Stanford plastic surgeons.
  • Founded to support foreign patient operations and surgical missions in developing nations.
  • Inspired similar NGOs worldwide, leveraging donations for greater patient impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the humanitarian efforts of INTERPLAST teams globally.
  • To assess the effectiveness and evolving strategies of international plastic surgery aid.
  • To identify challenges and propose future directions for humanitarian surgical missions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of worldwide humanitarian actions by INTERPLAST.
  • Case selection of six patients with complex facial deformities for treatment in Germany.
  • Analysis of mission strategies, including repeated visits and local surgeon training.

Main Results:

  • INTERPLAST teams achieve annual effectiveness comparable to major plastic surgery departments.
  • Microsurgical free flap procedures are now feasible in developing countries with experienced personnel.
  • Repeated missions and local training significantly enhance surgical capacity compared to "parachute missions."

Conclusions:

  • Humanitarian plastic surgery missions face increasing operational difficulties (permits, customs, pandemics).
  • Future aid should prioritize training local surgeons in-country or offering Western training, addressing degree recognition issues.
  • Sustainable, localized surgical capacity building is crucial for effective long-term medical aid.