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Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

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Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 9, 2025

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy
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Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy

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Single-cavity dual-modelocked 2.36-µm laser.

Ajanta Barh, Alexander Nussbaum-Lapping, Jonas Heidrich

    Optics Express
    |February 24, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers developed a novel dual-modelocked femtosecond laser operating beyond 2 µm. This breakthrough enables new dual-comb spectroscopy applications in the mid-infrared region.

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    Area of Science:

    • Laser Physics
    • Optical Engineering
    • Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Dual-comb spectroscopy offers precise molecular fingerprinting but is typically limited to near-infrared wavelengths.
    • Developing compact, free-running dual-comb sources operating at longer wavelengths is crucial for expanding applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate the first dual-modelocked femtosecond laser oscillator operating beyond 2 µm.
    • To investigate the performance characteristics of this novel laser system for potential dual-comb applications.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a Cr:ZnS crystal as the gain medium for mid-infrared emission.
    • Employed an InGaSb semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) for stable modelocking.
    • Incorporated a two-surface reflective device for spatial duplexing of the two pulse trains (combs).

    Main Results:

    • Achieved stable dual-modelocked operation at 2.36 µm with a repetition rate of 242 MHz.
    • Generated two distinct pulse combs, each with a 30 nm spectral bandwidth and ~200 fs pulse duration.
    • Obtained an average output power exceeding 200 mW per comb with a repetition rate difference of 4.17 kHz.
    • Demonstrated stable modelocking across a wide range of output powers.

    Conclusions:

    • This work presents a significant advancement in mid-infrared laser technology.
    • The developed laser is a promising platform for realizing compact, free-running dual-comb spectroscopy systems beyond 2 µm.
    • This opens new avenues for molecular detection and analysis in the mid-infrared spectral region.