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Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 9, 2025

Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

Published on: February 23, 2017

Tooth Whitening with Hydroxyapatite: A Systematic Review.

Hardy Limeback¹, Frederic Meyer², Joachim Enax²

¹Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada.

Dentistry Journal

|February 24, 2023

Summary

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) effectively whitens teeth when used regularly in oral care products. This systematic review found consistent evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies supporting its efficacy, though more clinical trials are needed.

Keywords:

RCT clinical trial hydroxyapatite in vitro in vivo systematic review teeth toothpaste whitening

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Area of Science:

Oral Care and Dental Materials Science
Biomaterials and Nanotechnology

Background:

Growing consumer demand for whiter teeth drives innovation in at-home oral care products.
Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has emerged as a novel ingredient for dental whitening applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the scientific evidence on the efficacy of Hydroxyapatite (HAP) for tooth whitening.
To assess the quality and risk of bias in existing in vitro and in vivo studies concerning HAP's whitening effects.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature search conducted across major scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, etc.) using PICO and PRISMA guidelines.
Inclusion of all study designs (in vitro, in vivo) and foreign language publications.
Quality assessment using the QUIN Tool for in vitro studies and GRADE scores for in vivo studies.

Main Results:

Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria from an initial 279 titles.
Thirteen in vitro studies predominantly showed a low risk of bias.
Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated statistically significant enamel whitening effects with HAP.

Conclusions:

Regular use of oral care products containing Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is effective for whitening teeth.
The current in vitro evidence is robust with a low risk of bias.
Further extensive clinical trials are recommended to strengthen the preliminary in vivo findings.