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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Endogenous and Exogenous Antioxidants in Skeletal Muscle Fatigue Development during Exercise.

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Exercise increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which can cause muscle fatigue. However, low levels of ROS/RNS may offer cellular benefits, highlighting the importance of redox balance.

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise physiology
  • Cellular biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Muscle fatigue, a decrease in force production, is linked to musculoskeletal injury risk.
  • Exercise elevates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), impacting muscle function.
  • ROS/RNS influence key cellular processes like ion transport, calcium handling, and muscle contractility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the dual role of ROS/RNS in skeletal muscle during exercise.
  • To explore how ROS/RNS affect muscle fatigue and cellular adaptation.
  • To examine the impact of antioxidant interventions on exercise-induced signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating ROS/RNS in skeletal muscle.
  • Analysis of the effects of varying ROS/RNS concentrations on muscle function.
  • Examination of signaling pathways (MAPKs, PGC-1α, mTOR) influenced by ROS/RNS.

Main Results:

  • High ROS/RNS levels impair muscle force production by affecting ion pumps and contractile proteins.
  • Low ROS/RNS concentrations can stimulate adaptive responses, including mitochondrial biogenesis and hypertrophy.
  • Antioxidant supplementation may interfere with beneficial exercise-induced signaling cascades.

Conclusions:

  • ROS/RNS exhibit a biphasic effect on skeletal muscle, with both high and low concentrations influencing outcomes.
  • Maintaining redox balance is crucial for optimizing muscle adaptation and performance during exercise.
  • The role of exogenous antioxidants requires careful consideration to avoid blunting adaptive responses.