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Oxidative Stress in the Anterior Ocular Diseases: Diagnostic and Treatment
Azza Dammak1, Cristina Pastrana1, Alba Martin-Gil1
1Ocupharm Group Research, Faculty of Optic and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain.
Abstract:
The eye is a metabolically active structure, constantly exposed to solar radiations making its structure vulnerable to the high burden of reactive oxygen species (ROS), presenting many molecular interactions. The biomolecular cascade modification is caused especially in diseases of the ocular surface, cornea, conjunctiva, uvea, and lens. In fact, the injury in the anterior segment of the eye takes its origin from the perturbation of the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance and leads to increased oxidative damage, especially when the first line of antioxidant defence weakens with age. Furthermore, oxidative stress is related to mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein modification, apoptosis, and inflammation, which are involved in anterior ocular disease progression such as dry eye, keratoconus, uveitis, and cataract. The different pathologies are interconnected through various mechanisms such as inflammation, oxidative stress making the diagnostics more relevant in early stages. The end point of the molecular pathway is the release of different antioxidant biomarkers offering the potential of predictive diagnostics of the pathology. In this review, we have analysed the oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in the front of the eye to provide a better understanding of the pathomechanism, the importance of biomarkers for the diagnosis of eye diseases, and the recent treatment of anterior ocular diseases.
Insights
Oxidative stress and inflammation damage the front of the eye, impacting ocular surface, cornea, and lens health. Biomarkers offer potential for early diagnosis and treatment of anterior eye diseases.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Biochemistry
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- The eye is metabolically active and vulnerable to oxidative stress from solar radiation.
- Oxidative damage affects ocular surface, cornea, conjunctiva, uvea, and lens, especially as antioxidant defenses weaken with age.
- Oxidative stress is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, and inflammation, contributing to anterior eye diseases.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review oxidative stress and inflammation in anterior eye diseases.
- To understand pathomechanisms and the role of biomarkers in diagnosis.
- To discuss recent treatment strategies for anterior ocular diseases.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in the anterior eye.
- Analysis of biomolecular cascade modifications and their link to disease.
- Examination of antioxidant biomarkers for predictive diagnostics.
Main Results:
- Oxidative stress and inflammation are key factors in anterior eye diseases like dry eye, keratoconus, uveitis, and cataract.
- Disruption of the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance leads to increased oxidative damage.
- Antioxidant biomarkers can indicate early-stage pathology.
Conclusions:
- Understanding oxidative stress and inflammation is crucial for diagnosing and treating anterior eye diseases.
- Biomarkers hold significant potential for early and predictive diagnosis.
- Integrated approaches addressing oxidative stress and inflammation are vital for managing these conditions.
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