Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

261
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
261
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

177
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
177
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

398
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
398
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

709
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
709
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

501
Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
501
Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

824
The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
824

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Retargeted serine integrases for one-step, precise integration of large DNA sequences in human cells.

Nature biotechnology·2026
Same author

Effect of [<sup>68</sup>Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in men with equivocal or clinically high-risk non-suspicious findings on multiparametric MRI (PRIMARY2): a multicentre, non-inferiority, phase 3, randomised controlled trial.

The Lancet. Oncology·2026
Same author

Commentary: The REVOLVE Study: A Multicenter Registry Using the Flow Diverter Surpass Evolve® Device for the Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms.

Neurosurgery·2026
Same author

Unmasking the unexpected: a rare case of rheumatic heart disease.

Cardiology in the young·2026
Same author

The Performance of Prognostic Measures for Survival in Spinal Metastatic Disease in Light of Modern Advancements in Medical and Surgical Management.

Spine·2026
Same author

A 2-Year Analysis of Peer Tutoring in Dental Education: Enhancing Student Learning and Developing a Faculty Pathway.

Journal of dental education·2026
Same journal

Precision Proteomic Profiling of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Correlating Disease Activity and Complement Levels with Clinical Phenotypes.

Biomedicines·2026
Same journal

The Role of Salivary Microbiota in Pancreatic Cancer: From Screening to Tumor Progression and Treatment Response.

Biomedicines·2026
Same journal

Diagnostic Utility of Surface Electromyography for Identifying Muscles Affected by Myofascial Trigger Points: A Scoping Review.

Biomedicines·2026
Same journal

Performance Assessment of a Locally Semi-Automated NGS-Based Workflow for Homologous Recombination Deficiency Testing in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma.

Biomedicines·2026
Same journal

Coupling and Uncoupling Pleiotropy Between Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Contribute to Exploring Potential Heterogeneity in Cardiovascular Risk in East Asian Population.

Biomedicines·2026
Same journal

Maternal Response to Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Early Gestation: A Case Series of Thrombotic Microangiopathies and Neurological Disorders.

Biomedicines·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 9, 2025

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
08:16

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Published on: July 23, 2020

2.3K

Neurosurgical Anesthesia: Optimizing Outcomes with Agent Selection.

Andrew Nguyen1, Akhil Mandavalli1, Michael Joseph Diaz1

  • 1College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.

Biomedicines
|February 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optimizing anesthetic choice in neurosurgery is crucial for patient outcomes. This review synthesizes current literature to guide selection based on procedure, pathology, and hemodynamic goals like cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP).

Keywords:
agent selectionneuroanesthesianeurological surgerytotal intravenous anesthesiavolatile anesthesia

More Related Videos

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
14:52

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

11.0K
Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
08:49

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Published on: October 16, 2013

13.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 9, 2025

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
08:16

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Published on: July 23, 2020

2.3K
Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
14:52

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

11.0K
Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
08:49

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Published on: October 16, 2013

13.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Anesthesiology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Anesthesia is integral to neurosurgical procedures.
  • A wide range of anesthetic agents are available, necessitating careful selection.
  • Current guidelines lack consensus on optimizing anesthetic choice based on specific surgical priorities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of neuroanesthesia.
  • To summarize the pros and cons of different anesthetic agents.
  • To organize existing literature on neuroanesthesia trials across diverse procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of randomized trials in neuroanesthesia.
  • Analysis of anesthetic agents' advantages and disadvantages.
  • Synthesis of data concerning hemodynamic parameters (CPP, ICP, MAP), procedure type, and pathology.

Main Results:

  • Detailed historical development of neuroanesthesia.
  • Comparative analysis of various anesthetic classes and agents.
  • Organization of evidence from randomized trials specific to neurosurgical procedures.

Conclusions:

  • Anesthesiologists require clear guidance for selecting optimal agents in neurosurgery.
  • Hemodynamic parameters, surgical approach, and patient pathology are key factors in anesthetic selection.
  • Further research and consensus are needed to refine neuroanesthesia protocols.