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Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

The thermodynamic processes can be classified into reversible and irreversible processes. The processes that can be restored to their initial state are called reversible processes. It is only possible if the process is in quasi-static equilibrium, i.e., it takes place in infinitesimally small steps, and the system remains at equilibrium However, these are ideal processes and do not occur naturally. An ideal system undergoing a reversible process is always in thermodynamic equilibrium within...

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...

Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems

Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems

A thermodynamic system with zero heat exchange and work is an isolated system. For these systems, the internal energy remains constant.
In the case of a non-isolated system, the change in the internal energy is zero only if the process is cyclic. A thermodynamic process is considered cyclic if the system undergoes a series of changes and returns to its initial state.
Consider a cyclic process that returns to its initial state, undergoing a four-step process. The heat transfer along each...

Entropy within the Cell

Entropy within the Cell

A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers in the universe are completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 9, 2025

Rapid PCR Thermocycling using Microscale Thermal Convection

Rapid PCR Thermocycling using Microscale Thermal Convection

Published on: March 5, 2011

An Irreversible and Revocable Template Generation Scheme Based on Chaotic System.

Jinyuan Liu^1,2, Yong Wang¹, Kun Wang¹

¹College of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)

|February 25, 2023

Summary

This study introduces a secure face recognition template generation method using a chaotic system. The novel approach enhances template diversity, revocability, and irreversibility, protecting biometric data privacy.

Keywords:

biometric security chaotic system privacy protection template protection

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Last Updated: Aug 9, 2025

Rapid PCR Thermocycling using Microscale Thermal Convection

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Published on: March 5, 2011

Design and Synthesis of a Reconfigurable DNA Accordion Rack

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Published on: August 15, 2018

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Published on: February 4, 2013

Area of Science:

Computer Science
Biometrics
Cybersecurity

Background:

Face recognition systems generate templates storing sensitive biometric data.
Ensuring the security and privacy of these templates is a growing concern.
Existing methods may not sufficiently protect against template leakage.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a novel secure template generation scheme for face recognition systems.
To enhance the security, diversity, and revocability of face templates.
To ensure that leaked templates do not compromise user biometric information.

Main Methods:

Feature vector permutation to decorrelate data.
Orthogonal transformation to alter vector states while preserving distances.
Cosine value calculation with random vectors for template generation.
Chaotic system integration to drive the template generation process.

Main Results:

The proposed scheme generates diverse and revocable templates.
Generated templates are irreversible, preventing disclosure of biometric data.
Experimental results on RaFD and Aberdeen datasets demonstrate high security.
The scheme exhibits good verification performance.

Conclusions:

The chaotic system-based template generation offers enhanced security for face recognition.
The method effectively protects sensitive biometric information.
The approach provides a robust solution for secure biometric template management.