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Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Evidence for Strand Asymmetry in Different Plastid Genomes.

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  • 1Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA.

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Summary

Genome composition asymmetry, common in bacteria, is not widespread in non-land plant plastid genomes. However, this leading/lagging strand skew pattern is detectable in diverse lineages like Euglenozoa and Rhodophyta.

Keywords:
DNA replicationbase compositiongenome evolutiongenome structureplastid genomestrand asymmetry

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Eubacterial genomes commonly exhibit strand asymmetry, characterized by opposite skew patterns in leading and lagging strands between replication origins and termini.
  • This asymmetry has been observed in a few plastid genomes, but its prevalence across diverse plastid lineages remains largely uninvestigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the widespread occurrence of leading/lagging strand asymmetry in plastid genomes outside of land plants.
  • To identify specific lineages that display this genome composition pattern and discuss its evolutionary implications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a random walk approach to analyze the sequence composition of plastid genomes.
  • Focused the analysis on plastid genomes from diverse lineages, excluding land plants due to their distinct replication initiation mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The common bacterial pattern of strand asymmetry is not a widespread feature in the studied non-land plant plastid genomes.
  • However, detectable asymmetry was found in plastid genomes from several diverse groups, including Euglenozoa (strong pattern) and Rhodophyta (strong pattern).
  • A weaker pattern was observed in some Chlorophyta, while other lineages did not show apparent asymmetry.

Conclusions:

  • While not universal, strand asymmetry is a detectable feature in certain non-land plant plastid genomes, indicating lineage-specific evolutionary pressures.
  • The presence and strength of this pattern vary significantly across different algal and protist lineages.
  • These findings have implications for understanding plastid genome evolution and interpreting comparative genomic analyses.