Pleural Effusion I: Introduction
Pleura of the Lungs
Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description
Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management
Pneumothorax-I
Pneumothorax-II
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Updated: Aug 9, 2025

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
Published on: November 10, 2023
Sean P F Foley1, John Scott Parrish1
1Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134, USA.
Pleural space infections, known for millennia, still cause significant global health issues. Recent advancements enhance understanding and treatment of these challenging infections.
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