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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Updated: Aug 8, 2025

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E-Spin: A Stochastic Ising Spin Based on Electrically-Controlled MTJ for Constructing Large-Scale Ising Annealing

Wenhan Chen1, Haodi Tang1, Yu Wang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of ASIC & System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.

Micromachines
|February 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel electrically-controlled Ising spin (E-spin) using magnetic tunnel junctions. This innovation enables faster, more stable Ising annealing systems for solving complex combinatorial optimization problems.

Keywords:
Ising annealing systemcombinatorial optimization problemspin-transfer torque magnetic tunnel junctions (STT-MTJ)spintronics

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Computing and Optimization
  • Spintronics and Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Ising annealing machines offer a unique paradigm for tackling complex combinatorial optimization (CO) problems.
  • Implementing high-performance physical Ising spins for these systems presents significant challenges.
  • Existing methods often lack the stability, speed, and scalability required for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and demonstrate a novel type of Ising spin based on an electrically-controlled magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ).
  • To enhance the performance and scalability of Ising annealing systems.
  • To address the limitations of conventional physical implementations of Ising spins.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an electrically-controlled magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) to create a novel Ising spin, termed E-spin.
  • Simulation comparing the frequency of E-spins to thermal disturbance MTJ-based spins (p-bits).
  • Implementation of a large-scale Ising annealing system utilizing up to 64 E-spins.

Main Results:

  • The proposed E-spin exhibits true randomness, stability, precise control, compactness, and easy integration.
  • Simulations show E-spins operate 50 times faster than p-bits.
  • The developed Ising annealing system successfully demonstrated integer factorization up to 2^64 with O(n) temporal complexity.

Conclusions:

  • The electrically-controlled Ising spin (E-spin) offers significant advantages over traditional implementations.
  • E-spins are superior for constructing large-scale Ising annealing systems.
  • This advancement facilitates more efficient solutions for challenging combinatorial optimization problems.