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Proportional Integral (PI) controllers are a fundamental component in modern control systems, widely used to enhance performance and mitigate steady-state errors. They are particularly effective in applications such as automatic brightness adjustment on smartphones, where they excel at mitigating steady-state errors for step-function inputs. Unlike PD controllers, which require time-varying errors to function optimally, PI controllers leverage their integral component to address residual...
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A linear circuit is characterized by its output having a direct proportionality to its input, adhering to the linearity property, which encompasses the principles of homogeneity (scaling) and additivity. Homogeneity dictates that when the input, also referred to as the excitation, is multiplied by a constant factor, the output, known as the response, is correspondingly scaled by the same constant factor. For instance, if the current is multiplied by a constant 'k,' the voltage likewise...
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In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
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Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are versatile electronic components that can be interconnected in a cascade - one after another in a linear sequence. This cascading is possible due to their infinite input resistance and zero output resistance, allowing them to maintain their input-output relationships even when connected in series.
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Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
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Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
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Linearity Enhancement Techniques for PGA Design.

Yujun Wang1,2,3, Yi Wang4, Lixi Wan2

  • 1Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.

Micromachines
|February 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces novel techniques to enhance the linearity of programmable gain amplifiers (PGAs) by eliminating MOS switches and employing a pre-charge method. These improvements significantly boost the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of sampled signals.

Keywords:
PGAclass ABlinearitypre-charge

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Background:

  • Traditional resistive feedback programmable gain amplifiers (PGAs) suffer from linearity limitations due to MOS switches in the feedback resistor array.
  • Driving large sampling capacitors can degrade the performance of conventional PGA designs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present techniques for improving the linearity of PGAs.
  • To enhance the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of sampled signals from PGAs.
  • To reduce power consumption and improve driving capability for sampling capacitors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a switched operational amplifier (op-amp) to eliminate MOS switches in the feedback path.
  • Implementing a pre-charge technique for the sampling capacitor using an additional capacitor.
  • Simulating the proposed PGA design in SMIC 0.18 um CMOS technology.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a gain of 0.5 or 1 with a power consumption of 4.68 mW from a single 5 V supply.
  • Demonstrated a 9 dBc improvement in SFDR compared to traditional PGA designs when driving a 20 pF sampling capacitor at 200 kHz.
  • Attained a maximum SFDR of 114 dBc.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed switched op-amp and pre-charge techniques effectively improve PGA linearity and SFDR.
  • The pre-charge method is particularly beneficial for applications involving large sampling capacitances.
  • The design offers a significant performance enhancement for sampled signals with minimal power overhead.