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Related Experiment Video

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Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex
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Visual Hallucinations in Psychosis: The Curious Absence of the Primary Visual Cortex.

Marouska M van Ommen1,2, Teus van Laar1, Remco Renken3

  • 1Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.

Schizophrenia Bulletin
|February 25, 2023
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Summary

Visual hallucinations (VH) in psychotic disorders involve higher-order visual networks but not primary visual cortex (V1). This suggests a disconnection model where V1 dysfunction leads to internally generated perceptions instead of external reality.

Keywords:
functional magnetic resonance imagingschizophreniavisual hallucinations

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Visual hallucinations (VH) affect one-third of psychotic disorder patients.
  • The pathophysiology of VH is largely unknown, with hypotheses suggesting impaired visual network function.
  • Limited data exists on brain activity during actual VH episodes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate brain activation patterns during VH in patients with psychotic disorders.
  • To test hypotheses regarding functional disconnection in visual networks during VH.

Main Methods:

  • Seven participants with psychotic disorders underwent fMRI scanning during VH.
  • Participants signaled VH occurrence via button press.
  • fMRI data analyzed for brain regions with altered activity during VH compared to baseline.

Main Results:

  • Primary visual cortex (V1) showed no activation or decreased activation in six out of seven participants during VH.
  • Higher-order visual areas and networks involved in attention and memory were activated during complex VH.
  • Participants experienced complex VH, including human-like figures and animals.

Conclusions:

  • VH in psychotic disorders are linked to widespread activation in vision-related networks, excluding V1.
  • A proposed model suggests a dissociation between higher-order visual areas and V1 contributes to VH.
  • This dissociation may shift conscious perception towards internally generated experiences.