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When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
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The combined effects of drugs can result in various interactions, of which an important type is antagonism. Antagonism is a mechanism where one drug inhibits or counteracts the effects of another drug. Antagonism can occur through various means, including receptor binding, allosteric modulation, functional interaction, chemical reactions, and pharmacokinetic processes.
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Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
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The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
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Drugs and the elderly: A complex interaction.

Bernard Bégaud1, Sybille de Germay2, Pernelle Noize2

  • 1University of Bordeaux, School of Medicine, BPH, Bordeaux Population Health Center; Inserm U1219, 33076 Bordeaux, France.

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|February 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The elderly population consumes the most medications, often inappropriately, leading to preventable adverse drug reactions and deaths. Optimizing prescription practices and guidelines is crucial for improving medication safety in older adults.

Keywords:
Adverse drug reactionsElderlyPharmacoepidemiologyPrescribing

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Pharmacology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The global population aged 65 and over is rapidly expanding, projected to reach nearly one billion by 2030.
  • Older adults are the highest consumers of medications, using up to 10 times more drugs than younger adults.
  • Current medication use in the elderly is frequently suboptimal, leading to adverse drug reactions, emergency admissions, and preventable deaths.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the challenges and risks associated with medication use in the elderly population.
  • To emphasize the need for tailored guidelines and improved prescription practices for older adults.
  • To underscore the importance of age-specific considerations in pharmacovigilance and pharmacoepidemiology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on drug consumption patterns in the elderly.
  • Analysis of data on adverse drug reactions and iatrogenesis in older populations.
  • Examination of the limitations of extrapolating data from younger adults to the elderly.

Main Results:

  • Polypharmacy (the use of multiple drugs) is identified as a primary risk factor for iatrogenesis in the elderly.
  • A significant proportion of adverse drug events in older adults could be prevented through better prescribing.
  • Benefit-risk assessments and pharmacovigilance strategies developed for younger populations are often not directly applicable to the elderly.

Conclusions:

  • Systematic implementation of good prescribing rules and specific guidelines is essential for reducing medication-related harm in older adults.
  • Age-specific approaches are necessary for effective pharmacovigilance and pharmacoepidemiology in the growing elderly population.
  • Tailoring drug use and safety monitoring to the unique needs of the elderly is critical for improving health outcomes.