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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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A proteome is the entire set of proteins that a cell type produces. We can study proteomes using the knowledge of genomes because genes code for mRNAs, and the mRNAs encode proteins. Although mRNA analysis is a step in the right direction, not all mRNAs are translated into proteins.
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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
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Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Purifying the Impure: Sequencing Metagenomes and Metatranscriptomes from Complex Animal-associated Samples
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Understanding human health through metatranscriptomics.

Teija Ojala1, Esko Kankuri2, Matti Kankainen3

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Genetics, HUS Diagnostic Center, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa (HUS), Helsinki, Finland.

Trends in Molecular Medicine
|February 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Metatranscriptomics reveals microbial activities in various human body sites, especially in disease states. This technique offers insights into host-microbe interactions and pathogen identification, advancing human health research.

Keywords:
16S rRNA profilingRNA-sequencingdysbiosishuman healthinfectionmetagenomicsmetataxonomicsmetatranscriptomicsmicrobial diagnosticsmicrobiota

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Human Health

Background:

  • Metatranscriptomics enables exploration of microbial transcriptional programs.
  • It provides insight into microbial activities in human gut, respiratory, oral, and vaginal communities.
  • Its application is crucial for analyzing disease-associated microbial communities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advantages and disadvantages of metatranscriptomics in understanding human health and disease.
  • To focus on human tissues with low microbial biomass and dysbiotic microbiota conditions.
  • To highlight the potential of metatranscriptomics for future research and diagnostics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on metatranscriptomics.
  • Analysis of metatranscriptomic data from human health and disease studies.
  • Focus on specific challenges like low microbial biomass and dysbiosis.

Main Results:

  • Metatranscriptomics offers significant advantages in studying microbial communities.
  • Challenges exist, particularly in low-biomass environments and dysbiotic conditions.
  • The technique has potential for direct functional pathogen identification.

Conclusions:

  • Widespread adoption of metatranscriptomics will enhance understanding of microbe-host interactions.
  • Increased knowledge of microbial activities can inform diagnostics for human health.
  • Metatranscriptomics provides a basis for culturing-independent pathogen identification.