Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Immunology

Background:

• Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS) is a rare endocrine disorder.
• It is characterized by recurrent severe hypoglycemia, elevated serum insulin, and insulin autoantibodies.
• IAS diagnosis requires excluding other hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia causes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive analysis of IAS.
• To cover epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment.
• To emphasize the importance of recognizing and managing IAS.

Main Methods:

• Literature review and analysis of IAS cases.
• Discussion of diagnostic criteria, including insulin and C-peptide levels.
• Overview of treatment strategies, from supportive care to immunosuppression.

Main Results:

• IAS diagnosis is confirmed by high insulin autoantibodies with non-parallel C-peptide levels.
• The condition is generally self-limiting with a good prognosis.
• Treatment involves dietary adjustments, glucose absorption modulators, and potentially immunosuppressants or plasma exchange for severe cases.

Conclusions:

• IAS is an important, albeit rare, endocrine disorder requiring clinical attention.
• Accurate diagnosis and tailored management are crucial for patient outcomes.
• Further research can enhance understanding and treatment protocols for IAS.