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New typhoid vaccine using sponge-like reduced protocol: development and evaluation.

Rehab Bahy1, Asmaa Gaber2, Hamdallah Zedan3

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.

Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
|February 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

A new method effectively prepares bacterial ghosts (BGs) from Salmonella typhi, offering a promising, safe, and immunogenic typhoid vaccine candidate. This approach addresses the urgent need for better typhoid vaccines against drug-resistant strains.

Keywords:
Bacterial ghostSalmonella typhiSponge-like reduced protocolVaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Vaccinology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella typhi, poses a significant global health challenge, particularly in developing nations.
  • The rise of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains necessitates the development of novel and effective typhoid vaccines.
  • Bacterial ghosts (BGs) represent a promising vaccine platform, producible through genetic or chemical methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a novel, simplified chemical method for preparing high-quality bacterial ghosts (BGs) from Salmonella typhi.
  • To assess the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the prepared BGs as a typhoid vaccine candidate.
  • To compare the prepared BGs with a conventional whole-cell killed vaccine.

Main Methods:

  • Bacterial ghosts (BGs) of Salmonella typhi were prepared using a sponge-like reduced protocol (SLRP) involving critical concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate, NaOH, and H2O2.
  • The quality of BGs was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for cell integrity and subculturing to confirm the absence of viable cells.
  • Spectrophotometry was used to quantify released DNA and protein, while light microscopy confirmed cell integrity via Gram staining. Immunogenicity and safety were evaluated through challenge tests.

Main Results:

  • The SLRP successfully produced high-quality BGs of Salmonella typhi, characterized by punctured cells with intact outer shells, as confirmed by SEM.
  • Subculturing verified the absence of viable cells, and spectrophotometric analysis confirmed the release of DNA and proteins, indicating successful BG preparation.
  • Challenge tests demonstrated that the prepared BGs are immunogenic and possess comparable efficacy to the traditional whole-cell killed vaccine.

Conclusions:

  • The sponge-like reduced protocol (SLRP) offers a simple, economical, and feasible method for producing high-quality bacterial ghosts (BGs) of Salmonella typhi.
  • The prepared BGs are safe, immunogenic, and efficacious, presenting a viable alternative to conventional typhoid vaccines.
  • This method holds potential for the large-scale production of an effective typhoid vaccine to combat drug-resistant strains.