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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
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Restored vision-augmented vision: arguments for a cybernetic vision.

Jean-Louis de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye

    Comptes Rendus Biologies
    |February 27, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Technological advances in visual prostheses offer hope for restoring vision in impaired individuals. This technology may also enhance visual performance in sighted persons, raising future development questions.

    Keywords:
    Augmented realityCybernetic linkInstrumented contact lensRetinal implantsRetinopathiesVisual human machine interface

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Ophthalmology

    Background:

    • Recent technological advances and miniaturization have led to connected visual prostheses.
    • These devices operate at various levels of the visual system, including the retina and visual cortex.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the potential of visual prostheses for both vision restoration and enhancement.
    • To discuss the implications of these technologies on cognitive and attentional mechanisms.
    • To raise questions regarding the future development and ethical use of visual prostheses.

    Main Methods:

    • Conceptual analysis of current technological developments in visual prostheses.
    • Review of existing and potential applications of visual prostheses.
    • Discussion of the impact on visual perception and cognitive functions.

    Main Results:

    • Visual prostheses hold promise for partial vision recovery in individuals with impaired sight.
    • The technology could potentially augment visual performance in sighted individuals.
    • Integration of external visual information challenges natural visual field perception.

    Conclusions:

    • Visual prostheses represent a significant advancement with dual applications in restoration and enhancement.
    • The cognitive and ethical implications of cybernetic visual augmentation require careful consideration.
    • Future research should address the long-term effects and societal integration of advanced visual prostheses.