Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.1K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.1K
Hydrolysis01:15

Hydrolysis

106.9K
Overview
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
Complex carbohydrates can be broken down by breaking the bonds between individual sugar units. The reaction breaks a glycosidic bond as water is added to the compound. The...
106.9K
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.4K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Vinyl Ether Maleic Anhydride Copolymers: Efficient and Reusable Sorbents for Removing Heavy Metals from Water.

ACS macro letters·2026
Same author

Photoresponsive Polymers for Debonding-on-Demand Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same author

Tuning Mechanical and Self-Healing Properties Using Multivalent Crosslinking.

Macromolecules·2026
Same author

Molecular Springs in Dynamic Covalent Polymer Networks.

Macromolecules·2026
Same author

Redefining the Limits: Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Vinyl Ketone Monomers under Light.

ACS macro letters·2026
Same author

Vinyl ether maleic acid block copolymers: a versatile platform for tunable self-assembled lipid nanodiscs and membrane protein characterization.

Polymer chemistry·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 8, 2025

The Synthesis of RGD-functionalized Hydrogels as a Tool for Therapeutic Applications
09:30

The Synthesis of RGD-functionalized Hydrogels as a Tool for Therapeutic Applications

Published on: October 7, 2016

11.4K

Chemically Fueled Reinforcement of Polymer Hydrogels.

Chamoni W H Rajawasam1, Corvo Tran1, Michael Weeks2

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|February 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Carbodiimide fueling creates temporary polymer network changes, enhancing mechanical properties. These tunable anhydride crosslinks allow for reversible stiffening and novel material functions like controlled adhesion.

More Related Videos

Patterning Bioactive Proteins or Peptides on Hydrogel Using Photochemistry for Biological Applications
09:19

Patterning Bioactive Proteins or Peptides on Hydrogel Using Photochemistry for Biological Applications

Published on: September 15, 2017

7.3K
Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning
12:07

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

Published on: April 16, 2018

13.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 8, 2025

The Synthesis of RGD-functionalized Hydrogels as a Tool for Therapeutic Applications
09:30

The Synthesis of RGD-functionalized Hydrogels as a Tool for Therapeutic Applications

Published on: October 7, 2016

11.4K
Patterning Bioactive Proteins or Peptides on Hydrogel Using Photochemistry for Biological Applications
09:19

Patterning Bioactive Proteins or Peptides on Hydrogel Using Photochemistry for Biological Applications

Published on: September 15, 2017

7.3K
Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning
12:07

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

Published on: April 16, 2018

13.5K

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Rheology

Background:

  • Permanently crosslinked polymer networks often lack dynamic mechanical properties.
  • Controlling material stiffness reversibly is a key challenge in advanced materials development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate carbodiimide-fueled anhydride bond formation for dynamic polymer network modification.
  • To explore the creation of materials with tunable and transient mechanical properties.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing carbodiimide chemistry to form transient anhydride crosslinks within polymer networks.
  • Characterizing the time-dependent mechanical response (storage modulus) of the polymer materials.
  • Investigating the influence of carbodiimide concentration, temperature, and polymer architecture.

Main Results:

  • Achieved over an order of magnitude increase in storage modulus through carbodiimide fueling.
  • Demonstrated reversible transitions from soft gels to reinforced gels and back via hydrolysis of anhydride crosslinks.
  • Showcased tunable mechanical properties based on carbodiimide concentration, temperature, and chain architecture.

Conclusions:

  • Carbodiimide-fueled anhydride chemistry provides a route to dynamically tunable polymer networks.
  • These materials exhibit reversible mechanical property changes and enable novel functions like temporally controlled adhesion and rewritable patterns.