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Related Concept Videos

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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The intricate framework of the endocrine system encompasses a diverse array of glands, with their target tissues and organs strategically distributed throughout the body. Central to this network are the endocrine glands, specialized structures that lack ducts and release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid. Notably, the hypothalamus, a vital neuroendocrine organ situated in the brain, governs neural functions and serves as a potent source of hormonal regulation. Near the hypothalamus...
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Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
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Atypical pituitary hormone-target tissue axis.

Chao Xu1,2, Zhao He1,2, Yongfeng Song1,2

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China.

Frontiers of Medicine
|February 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Pituitary hormones have unexpected roles beyond classical glands, impacting non-classical tissues. This "atypical pituitary hormone-target tissue axis" sheds light on metabolic diseases and offers new therapeutic avenues.

Keywords:
adrenocorticotrophic hormonefollicle-stimulating hormoneluteinizing hormoneprolactinthyroid-stimulating hormone

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Physiology
  • Neuroendocrinology

Background:

  • Classical understanding posits pituitary hormones act solely on target glands.
  • Emerging evidence reveals widespread pituitary hormone receptor expression in non-classical tissues.
  • Pituitary hormones exert diverse, nonconventional biological effects in these non-classical organs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the extra biological functions of key pituitary hormones (TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, prolactin) in non-classical target organs.
  • To introduce and define the novel concept of the "atypical pituitary hormone-target tissue axis."
  • To provide a framework for understanding the pathomechanisms of metabolic diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing studies on pituitary hormone functions in non-classical tissues.
  • Conceptualization and definition of the "atypical pituitary hormone-target tissue axis."
  • Analysis of the proposed axis's role in metabolic dysregulation.

Main Results:

  • Pituitary hormones, including TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, and prolactin, exhibit significant functions in non-classical tissues.
  • The "atypical pituitary hormone-target tissue axis" provides a novel explanation for metabolic disorders.
  • This axis integrates environmental, genetic, and neuroendocrine factors in regulating human biological functions.

Conclusions:

  • The "atypical pituitary hormone-target tissue axis" offers a new perspective on pituitary hormone action.
  • This concept aids in understanding the pathogenesis of abnormal glucose/lipid metabolism, obesity, hypertension, fatty liver, and atherosclerosis.
  • Further research into this axis may reveal novel therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases.