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Related Concept Videos

Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

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In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
There are four main reasons for energy losses in transformers.
The first cause can be  the high resistance of the...
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Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers01:28

Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers

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The practical equivalent circuits of single-phase two-winding transformers exhibit significant deviations from their idealized versions due to the inherent properties of winding resistance and finite core permeability. These properties result in real and reactive power losses, affecting the transformer's performance. Understanding these deviations is crucial for designing more efficient transformers.
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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
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Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios

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In scenarios involving parallel transformers with disparate ratings, developing per-unit models requires accommodating off-nominal turns ratios. This situation arises when the selected base voltages are not proportional to the transformer’s voltage ratings. Consider a transformer where the rated voltages are related by the term a. If the chosen voltage bases satisfy a relationship involving term b, term c is defined as the ratio of these bases. This ratio is then substituted into the...
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Eddy Currents

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Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
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A device that transforms voltages from one value to another using induction is called a transformer. A transformer consists of two separate coils, or windings, wrapped around the same soft iron core. However, they are electrically insulated from each other.
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Methodology for Eddy Current Losses Calculation in Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDTs).

Ana Drandić1, Stjepan Frljić1, Bojan Trkulja1

  • 1Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

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|February 28, 2023
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Summary

This study presents a method to calculate eddy current losses in linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs). Optimizing LVDT design for accuracy involves accounting for these losses during the sensor

Keywords:
FEMLVDTeddy current lossesnumerical simulation

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Area of Science:

  • Electromagnetics
  • Sensor Design
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) are widely used linear displacement sensors.
  • Eddy currents in laminated ferromagnetic cores significantly impact LVDT performance, especially with open-type cores.
  • Accurate LVDT design necessitates accounting for eddy current losses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a methodology for calculating eddy current losses in LVDTs.
  • To enable optimization of LVDT dimensions and material selection for enhanced measurement accuracy.
  • To provide a tool for designers to improve LVDT performance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an AτA-formulation with elimination of redundant degrees of freedom for rapid convergence.
  • Performed 3D finite element method (FEM) simulations to analyze eddy current losses.
  • Investigated the relationship between losses, core displacement, frequency, and material properties.

Main Results:

  • Developed a calculation methodology for LVDT eddy current losses.
  • Demonstrated the impact of core displacement, frequency, and material on eddy currents.
  • FEM simulations provided data for loss-design correlation.

Conclusions:

  • The presented methodology aids in optimizing LVDT design by quantifying eddy current losses.
  • Accurate calculation of eddy currents is crucial for achieving high measurement accuracy in LVDTs.
  • This approach supports informed material selection and dimensional optimization for LVDT sensors.