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Related Concept Videos

Rapidly Varying Flow01:24

Rapidly Varying Flow

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Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
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Design Example: Design of an Irrigation Channel01:27

Design Example: Design of an Irrigation Channel

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Trapezoidal channels are widely used in irrigation systems due to their cost-effectiveness and efficiency in conveying water. Trapezoidal channels feature a flat bottom and sloping sides, making them stable and easier to construct compared to other shapes. The bottom width and side slope ratio are determined based on the required flow capacity and site conditions. The side slope is kept gentle for unlined channels to prevent soil erosion.Hydraulic parameters in channel design include the flow...
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Weir: Problem Solving01:26

Weir: Problem Solving

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Water flow in open channels is often measured using hydraulic structures such as weirs, which allow precise calculation of discharge. In a rectangular channel, flow rates are measured using three types of weirs: rectangular sharp-crested, triangular sharp-crested, and broad-crested. The weir head is set at a fixed height above the channel bottom, simplifying calculations and enabling the relationship between depth and flow rate to be analyzed.For the rectangular sharp-crested weir, the flow...
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Gradually Varying Flow01:29

Gradually Varying Flow

99
Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
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Energy Considerations in Open Channel Flow01:27

Energy Considerations in Open Channel Flow

128
Open channel flow, where a fluid flows with a free surface exposed to the atmosphere, is primarily governed by gravitational and surface effects, distinguishing it from closed conduit or pipe flow. In open channels such as rivers, canals, and artificial channels, energy analysis provides valuable insights into flow behavior and the relationship between depth, velocity, and slope.Specific Energy and Flow DepthIn open channel flow, the specific energy, E, combines the gravitational potential...
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Underflow Gates01:30

Underflow Gates

94
Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Parameterizing V-notch Weir Equations for Flow Monitoring in a Drainage Control Structure
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Parameterizing V-notch Weir Equations for Flow Monitoring in a Drainage Control Structure

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Discharge Monitoring in Open-Channels: An Operational Rating Curve Management Tool.

Michele Paoletti1, Marco Pellegrini2,3, Alberto Belli1

  • 1Department of Information Engineering (DII), Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 28, 2023
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Summary

Climate change intensifies floods, rapidly altering river channels and their stage-discharge relationships. Frequent field measurements are crucial for updating rating curves and improving flood early warnings and water management.

Keywords:
discharge data seriesenvironmental monitoringflood managementrating curvewater level sensors

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Area of Science:

  • Hydrology
  • Environmental Science
  • Climate Change Studies

Background:

  • Climate change is causing more frequent and severe floods and droughts.
  • Changes in climate and land cover are altering stream channel cross-sections and capacity.
  • Altered channel capacity disrupts the established stage-discharge relationship (rating curve).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the impact of extreme floods on stream channel dynamics.
  • To emphasize the operational necessity of frequent stage-discharge data collection and processing.
  • To propose a stage-discharge management system for hydrological data acquisition.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a stage-discharge management system for river runoff monitoring.
  • Collecting field measurements of stage and discharge using various sensors and flow meters.
  • Fitting power functions to field data and performing extrapolation for full flow range.

Main Results:

  • Extreme floods accelerate changes in stream channel cross-sections.
  • Frequent updating of rating curves is operationally a priority.
  • The proposed system supports flood early warnings and water management.

Conclusions:

  • A robust hydrological data acquisition system is essential for managing rivers under changing climate conditions.
  • The stage-discharge management system aids the Civil Protection Service in monitoring river runoff.
  • Addressing practical application problems and frequent updating is key for accurate hydrological assessments.