Molecular oxygen as a probe molecule in EPR spin-labeling studies of membrane structure and dynamics

Molecular oxygen (O₂) is the perfect probe molecule for membrane studies carried out using the saturation recovery EPR technique. O₂ is a small, paramagnetic, hydrophobic enough molecule that easily partitions into a membrane's different phases and domains. In membrane studies, the saturation recovery EPR method requires two paramagnetic probes: a lipid-analog nitroxide spin label and an oxygen molecule. The experimentally derived parameters of this method are the spin-lattice relaxation times (T _1s) of spin labels and rates of bimolecular collisions between O₂ and the nitroxide fragment. Thanks to the long T ₁ of lipid spin labels (from 1 to 10 μs), the approach is very sensitive to changes of the local (around the nitroxide fragment) O₂ diffusion-concentration product. Small variations in the lipid packing affect O₂ solubility and O₂ diffusion, which can be detected by the shortening of T ₁ of spin labels. Using O₂ as a probe molecule and a different lipid spin label inserted into specific phases of the membrane and membrane domains allows data about the lateral arrangement of lipid membranes to be obtained. Moreover, using a lipid spin label with the nitroxide fragment attached to its head group or a hydrocarbon chain at different positions also enables data about molecular dynamics and structure at different membrane depths to be obtained. Thus, the method can be used to investigate not only the lateral organization of the membrane (i.e., the presence of membrane domains and phases), but also the depth-dependent membrane structure and dynamics, and, hence, the membrane properties in three dimensions.