Role of H₃O· Radical in the Degradation of Fuel Cell Proton-Exchange Membranes

Membrane durability in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is one of the major obstacles limiting its applications, especially in heavy-duty vehicles. Membrane degradation reactions are thought to be attacks by radicals such as hydroxyl (HO^•) or hydrogen atom (H^•) generated during fuel cell operation. For the H^• case, computational modeling results have suggested that the reaction between H^• and the sulfonic group should be the dominant degradation pathway. However, experimental work implies that the tertiary fluorine (t-F) attack is the dominant H^• reaction pathway, apparently contradicting the theoretical prediction. Based on previous experimental evidence on isotopic substitution, we postulate that the hydronium radical (H₃O^•) might be present in PEMFCs. Our ab initio modeling indicates that this radical can be stabilized by the sulfonic anion on the polymer side chain. With the assistance of explicit water, the polymer side chain can undergo a conformational change, leading to a greatly reduced barrier for the t-F degradation reaction. Thus, our H₃O^• hypothesis is able to explain not only the previous isotopic substitution experiment but also why the t-F degradation reaction is a highly plausible H^• degradation mechanism for proton-exchange membranes. To our knowledge, this is the first suggestion that H₃O^• radicals could be present in electrochemical devices with both experimental and theoretical support.