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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
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Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

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Aggressive pituitary tumors (PitNETs).

Hiroshi Nishioka1

  • 1Department of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Surgery, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo 105-8470, Japan.

Endocrine Journal
|March 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary

New pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET) classification addresses aggressive tumors. Current treatments like temozolomide show limited long-term efficacy, necessitating advanced multidisciplinary management strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Anterior pituitary tumors, previously termed adenomas, often invade adjacent structures, leading to recurrence.
  • The traditional adenoma/carcinoma classification is being replaced by a new WHO 2022 terminology: pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET).
  • Aggressive PitNETs are characterized by invasion, proliferation, recurrence, and resistance to conventional therapies, though metastasis is rare.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the new WHO 2022 classification for pituitary tumors, emphasizing the term pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET).
  • To highlight the challenges in predicting and managing aggressive PitNETs.
  • To discuss the limitations of current treatment options, including temozolomide.

Main Methods:

Keywords:
AggressiveInvasivePituitary neuroendocrine tumorRefractoryTemozolomide

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  • Review of current literature and classification systems for pituitary tumors.
  • Analysis of the characteristics of aggressive pituitary neuroendocrine tumors.
  • Evaluation of the efficacy of temozolomide in treating aggressive PitNETs.

    • Main Results:

    • The upcoming WHO 2022 classification will adopt the term pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET).
    • No reliable morphological or histological markers currently exist to predict aggressive behavior in PitNETs.
    • Temozolomide (TMZ) has shown limited long-term effectiveness for many aggressive PitNETs.

    Conclusions:

    • A multidisciplinary approach is essential for the accurate prediction and effective management of aggressive PitNETs.
    • The new PitNET classification aligns with terminology for other neuroendocrine neoplasms.
    • Further research is needed to develop improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for aggressive PitNETs.