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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Related Experiment Video

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A Nonviral Approach to Generate Transient Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Using mRNA for Cancer Immunotherapy
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CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway and cancer immunotherapy.

Chenglai Xia1,2, Shuanghong Yin3,4, Kenneth K W To5

  • 1Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, 528000, China. xiachenglai@smu.edu.cn.

Molecular Cancer
|March 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The CD39, CD73, and adenosine receptor A2A (A2AR) pathway creates an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Targeting this pathway offers a promising strategy to enhance antitumor immunity and overcome cancer drug resistance.

Keywords:
A2ARAdenosine receptorCD39CD73Cancer immunotherapyImmunosuppressive tumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) often suppresses antitumor immune responses, aiding cancer cell escape.
  • Extracellular adenosine, generated by CD39 and CD73, plays a key role in this immunosuppression.
  • Adenosine receptor A2A (A2AR) mediates immunosuppressive effects via cAMP signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of the adenosinergic pathway in cancer development, metastasis, and drug resistance.
  • To discuss therapeutic strategies targeting CD39, CD73, and A2AR for cancer treatment.
  • To explore biomarkers for guiding personalized CD39/CD73/A2AR-targeting therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of the adenosinergic pathway's function in cancer.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data for CD39/CD73/A2AR-targeting agents.
  • Discussion of combination therapies with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatments.

Main Results:

  • The CD39/CD73/A2AR pathway is crucial for establishing an immunosuppressive TME.
  • Targeting this pathway shows potential in preclinical and clinical studies.
  • Combination therapies may enhance efficacy against immunotherapy-resistant cancers.

Conclusions:

  • The adenosinergic pathway represents a significant target for cancer immunotherapy.
  • Developing biomarkers is essential for optimizing patient selection for these targeted therapies.
  • Further research into CD39/CD73/A2AR inhibition can improve cancer treatment outcomes.