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Related Concept Videos

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

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In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this...
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Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission01:14

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Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels.  Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
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Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

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A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
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UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules01:29

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UV–Visible absorption spectra of conjugated dienes arise from the lowest energy π → π* transitions. The light-absorbing part of the molecule is called the chromophore, and the substituents directly attached to the chromophore are called auxochromes. A strong correlation exists between the absorption maxima, λmax, and the structure of a conjugated π system. The Woodward–Fieser rules predict the value of λmax for a given...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Updated: Aug 8, 2025

A Novel Technique for Raman Analysis of Highly Radioactive Samples Using Any Standard Micro-Raman Spectrometer
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Balanced wavelength modulated Zeeman spectroscopy for oxygen detection.

Kasey Shashaty, Link Patrick, Gerard Wysocki

    Optics Express
    |March 2, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed a new balanced Zeeman spectroscopy method for detecting paramagnetic molecules like oxygen. This technique uses wavelength modulation and differential transmission for sensitive, real-time measurements.

    Area of Science:

    • Spectroscopy
    • Analytical Chemistry
    • Physical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Paramagnetic molecules, such as oxygen, play crucial roles in various chemical and biological processes.
    • Accurate and real-time detection of these species is essential for numerous applications.
    • Existing spectroscopic methods may have limitations in sensitivity or selectivity for paramagnetic species.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and test a novel balanced Zeeman spectroscopy method.
    • To achieve selective and sensitive detection of paramagnetic molecules.
    • To compare the performance of the developed method against established techniques like Faraday rotation spectroscopy.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized wavelength modulation for enhanced sensitivity.

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  • Implemented balanced detection through differential transmission measurement.
  • Employed right-handed and left-handed circularly polarized light for selective interaction with paramagnetic species.
  • Tested the system using oxygen detection at the 762 nm absorption line.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated the successful development and testing of the balanced Zeeman spectroscopy method.
    • Achieved selective detection of oxygen, a paramagnetic molecule.
    • The system shows potential for real-time monitoring capabilities.
    • Comparative analysis indicates the method's viability against Faraday rotation spectroscopy.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed balanced Zeeman spectroscopy method offers a promising approach for selective and sensitive detection of paramagnetic molecules.
    • This technique is suitable for real-time monitoring in diverse applications.
    • Further research can explore its application for other paramagnetic species and conditions.