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Related Concept Videos

Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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Anaphase A and B01:39

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Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
Plus-end depolymerization releases tubulin heterodimers from the terminal region of the microtubule. As tubulin subunits are lost, the Ndc80 complexes detach...
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Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
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Spindle Assembly02:50

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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a...
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Microtubule Associated Motor Proteins01:32

Microtubule Associated Motor Proteins

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Eukaryotic cells have different motor proteins for transporting various cargo within the cell. These motor proteins differ based on the filament they associate with, the direction they move within the cell, and the type of cargo they transport. Motor proteins that associate with microtubules are known as microtubule-associated motor proteins. There are two families of microtubule-associated motor proteins —Kinesins and Dyneins. Both these proteins assist in the transport of cellular...
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The Mitotic Spindle02:27

The Mitotic Spindle

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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos
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Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

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Dynein at the kinetochore.

Reto Gassmann1,2

  • 1Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.

Journal of Cell Science
|March 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Cytoplasmic dynein 1 (dynein) powers essential cell functions like organelle transport and cell division. This review explores how dynein is recruited, activated, and regulated at the kinetochore for accurate chromosome segregation.

Keywords:
CENP-FCoronaDyneinKinetochoreLis1MitosisNde1Ndel1RZZSpindly

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Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos
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Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Motors
  • Cytoskeletal Dynamics

Background:

  • Cytoplasmic dynein 1 is a complex motor protein essential for diverse cellular processes, including organelle transport and cell division.
  • Understanding dynein's recruitment, activation, and regulation is crucial for comprehending its versatile functions.
  • Dynein's role at the kinetochore, a key structure in cell division, has been a long-standing area of interest.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on kinetochore dynein's contribution to spindle assembly.
  • It examines the molecular mechanisms governing dynein's function at the kinetochore.
  • The review also highlights common regulatory principles of dynein across different subcellular locations.

Key Points:

  • Dynein is recruited to and activated at the kinetochore to facilitate efficient and accurate chromosome segregation during cell division.
  • Regulation of dynein's minus-end-directed motility is critical for adapting force production to specific cellular requirements.
  • Coordination with other microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) at the kinetochore influences dynein's overall activity.

Conclusions:

  • Kinetochore dynein plays a vital role in ensuring proper spindle assembly and chromosome segregation.
  • Emerging insights reveal conserved mechanisms for dynein regulation at the kinetochore and other cellular sites.
  • Further research into dynein's complex regulation promises deeper understanding of cytoskeletal motor function.