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Related Concept Videos

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia

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Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
The genetic basis of schizophrenia is strongly supported by family and twin...
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Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

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Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
Researchers have identified genetic factors that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia, underscoring the intricate interplay between genetics and environment in disease development. At the core of schizophrenia's pathophysiology is excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission within...
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Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia01:30

Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

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Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
Negative Symptoms
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia manifest as deficits in normal emotional and behavioral functioning, profoundly impacting daily life. Individuals with schizophrenia often display a flat affect, characterized by a near-total absence of emotional expression,...
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Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

158
Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
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Schizophrenia01:17

Schizophrenia

184
Schizophrenia, a term introduced by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1911, describes a severe psychological disorder marked by profound disruptions in attention, thought processes, language, emotion, and interpersonal relationships. The core feature of schizophrenia is psychosis — a state characterized by a fundamental detachment from reality. This disconnection manifests through distorted logic, impaired perception, and atypical behavior, severely affecting the lives of those...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
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Altered functional dynamics gradient in schizophrenia with cigarette smoking.

Yanchi Chen1,2

  • 1Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|March 2, 2023
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Summary

Individuals with schizophrenia who smoke may alter their brain

Keywords:
cigarette smokinggradientintrinsic dynamicsschizophreniaself-medication

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Schizophrenia exhibits a high comorbidity with nicotine dependence.
  • The neural mechanisms underlying this comorbidity are not well understood.
  • Brain neural dynamics are influenced by molecular and functional architectures, which are disrupted in schizophrenia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction between schizophrenia and smoking on brain neural dynamics.
  • To examine how schizophrenia and smoking independently affect neural dynamics.
  • To correlate these neural alterations with molecular architecture, specifically neurotransmitter distribution.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from four groups: schizophrenia patients with/without smoking, and healthy controls with/without smoking.
  • Analyzed brain neural dynamics using 2 gradient patterns and over 5,000 statistical features from brain region time series.
  • Investigated the main effects of schizophrenia and smoking, as well as their interaction.

Main Results:

  • An interaction effect between schizophrenia and smoking was identified in higher-order functional brain networks.
  • The main effect of schizophrenia was localized to the bilateral orbitofrontal cortices.
  • Alterations in brain patterns related to schizophrenia and smoking were associated with the spatial distribution of serotonin, cannabinoid, and glutamate.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support the self-medication hypothesis for schizophrenia and nicotine dependence.
  • Neural intrinsic dynamics offer a new perspective on understanding this comorbidity.
  • The study highlights the interplay between brain function, neurotransmitter systems, and substance use in schizophrenia.