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Related Concept Videos

Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Vitamin C and Transferrin Reduce RNA Methylation in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells.

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Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
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Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency Factors Regulate RNA Methylation.

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    High fructose levels promote embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency by reducing RNA methylation (m 6 A) and enhancing naïve ESC markers. This suggests a link between m 6 A levels and the pluripotent state.

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    Area of Science:

    • Stem cell biology
    • Epigenetics
    • Metabolic regulation

    Background:

    • Embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is maintained by factors like LIF, GSK-3, and MEK inhibitors.
    • RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is implicated in ESC pluripotency.
    • Investigating the convergence of pluripotency factors and m6A pathways.

    Approach:

    • Mouse ESCs were treated with various small molecule combinations.
    • Measured relative m6A RNA levels and expression of naïve/primed ESC markers.
    • Assessed the impact of replacing glucose with high fructose on ESC state and m6A abundance.

    Key Points:

    • Several factors promoting ESC pluripotency intersect with m6A RNA modification.
    • High fructose levels, replacing glucose, induced a more naïve ESC state.
    • This metabolic shift significantly reduced m6A RNA abundance.

    Conclusions:

    • A correlation exists between pluripotency-promoting molecules and m6A RNA levels.
    • Reduced m6A RNA abundance is linked to the ESC pluripotent state.
    • Findings provide a basis for future studies on m6A's role in ESC pluripotency.