Research misconduct and questionable research practices form a continuum.

Area of Science:

• Research Integrity
• Data Management
• Scientific Reproducibility

Background:

• Research data mismanagement (RDMM) is a significant issue impacting data accountability, reproducibility, and reusability.
• A previous article proposed classifying RDMM into intentional research misconduct or unintentional questionable research practices (QRP).

Purpose of the Study:

• To challenge the dichotomy of intentional misconduct versus unintentional QRP for RDMM.
• To advocate for a broader perspective on assessing research integrity breaches.
• To emphasize preventive measures and institutional responsibility in data management.

Main Methods:

• Critical analysis of the proposed classification of RDMM.
• Argument against the overemphasis on intentionality and sanctions.
• Proposal for a focus on preventive strategies.

Main Results:

• The severity of research misbehavior consequences is not bimodal.
• Intentionality is difficult to ascertain and is only one factor in evaluating breaches of research integrity.
• Distinguishing between misconduct and QRP overemphasizes intentionality and sanctions.

Conclusions:

• A nuanced approach is needed beyond intentionality to assess RDMM.
• Preventive actions and institutional leadership are crucial for improving data management practices.
• Focus should shift from sanctioning to proactive data stewardship.