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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Published on: February 10, 2015

Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries in Sport.

Naomi Kelley¹, Matthew Tuttle², Stephen M Sylvia³

¹University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.

Current Sports Medicine Reports

|March 3, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) injuries are common in athletes and are classified by clavicle displacement. Most ACJ injuries heal well with nonoperative treatment, allowing athletes to return to sport.

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Last Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

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Published on: February 10, 2015

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

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Published on: March 12, 2021

Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears

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Published on: May 9, 2025

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Radiology

Background:

Sport-related shoulder injuries, particularly acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) disruptions, are prevalent.
ACJ injuries involve displacement of the clavicle, graded by severity and direction.
Clinical diagnosis is essential, but radiographic imaging is crucial for assessing severity and associated injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) injuries.
To discuss relevant anatomy, biomechanics, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies.
To review potential complications and long-term outcomes for athletes.

Main Methods:

Review of clinical diagnosis and standard radiographic views for ACJ injury assessment.
Discussion of nonoperative and surgical management options based on injury severity.
Analysis of factors influencing long-term outcomes and return to sport.

Main Results:

ACJ injuries are classified by clavicle displacement, with diagnosis aided by clinical examination and radiography.
The majority of ACJ injuries are managed nonoperatively, with surgery reserved for specific cases.
Long-term outcomes are generally favorable, with most athletes returning to sport without limitations.

Conclusions:

Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) injuries require accurate diagnosis and appropriate management for optimal outcomes.
Nonoperative treatment is effective for most ACJ injuries, ensuring a good prognosis for athletes.
Understanding the biomechanics and classification is key to successful treatment and rehabilitation.