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Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

3.6K
A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

3.5K
The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
3.5K
Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

1.9K
Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation...
1.9K
Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Mechanism01:17

Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Mechanism

3.9K
The reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkenes in the presence of hydroperoxides or peroxides proceeds via anti-Markovnikov addition. The radical chain reaction comprises initiation, propagation, and termination steps.
The mechanism starts with chain initiation, which involves two steps. In the first chain initiation step, a weak peroxide bond is homolytically cleaved upon mild heating to form two alkoxy radicals. In the second initiation step, a hydrogen atom is abstracted by the alkoxy...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

12.3K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
12.3K
Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols01:21

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

2.0K
Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...
2.0K

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A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
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Capturing Hydrogen Radicals by Neutral Metal Hydroxides.

Shuai Jiang1,2, Huijun Zheng1,3, Wenhui Yan1,3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
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Researchers successfully captured highly reactive hydrogen radicals using neutral metal complexes. This breakthrough, involving scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum, facilitates new chemical control and compound design.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The hydrogen radical (H•) is crucial in diverse fields like catalysis, biology, and astronomy.
  • Experimental capture of H• is difficult due to its high reactivity and transient nature.
  • Understanding H• adduct formation is key to controlling chemical reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize neutral M3H4 (M = Sc, Y, La) complexes.
  • To investigate the formation mechanism of hydrogen radical adducts.
  • To explore the role of soft collisions in adduct formation.

Main Methods:

  • Size-specific infrared-vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy was employed.
  • Neutral M3H4 complexes were synthesized and analyzed.
  • Gas-phase reaction dynamics and collision conditions were studied.

Main Results:

  • Neutral Sc3H4, Y3H4, and La3H4 complexes were identified as H•M(OH)3 adducts.
  • Hydrogen radical addition to M(OH)3 is thermodynamically favorable and kinetically fast.
  • Soft collisions during helium expansion are essential for H•M(OH)3 formation.

Conclusions:

  • Soft collisions play a critical role in forming hydrogen radical adducts.
  • This study provides a new method for stabilizing and studying hydrogen radicals.
  • Opens avenues for designing and controlling compounds involving hydrogen radicals.