Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

11.2K
Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
11.2K
Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

2.5K
After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
2.5K
ER Retrieval Pathway01:45

ER Retrieval Pathway

3.9K
In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
The ER uses many checkpoints to prevent the entry of incorrectly folded or a resident protein as cargo onto a transport vesicle. These mechanisms...
3.9K
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

8.6K
Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
8.6K
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

8.9K
Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
8.9K
Exocytosis00:50

Exocytosis

6.9K
Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
6.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

CLASP-dependent microtubule stabilization generates microtubule-based protrusive forces during Drosophila epithelial morphogenesis.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same author

RalGAP complexes control secretion and primary cilia in pancreatic disease.

Life science alliance·2025
Same author

Primary human neutrophils and monocytes migrate along endothelial cell boundaries to optimize search efficiency under static in vitro conditions.

Biology open·2025
Same author

Multipotent neural stem cells originating from neuroepithelium exist outside the mouse central nervous system.

Nature cell biology·2025
Same author

Spontaneous and evoked synaptic vesicle release arises from a single releasable pool.

Cell reports·2024
Same author

Dynamic interplay of microtubule and actomyosin forces drive tissue extension.

Nature communications·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Studying Synaptic Vesicle Pools using Photoconversion of Styryl Dyes
08:46

Studying Synaptic Vesicle Pools using Photoconversion of Styryl Dyes

Published on: February 15, 2010

11.8K

The readily retrievable pool of synaptic vesicles.

Sai Krishnan1, Jürgen Klingauf1,2

  • 1Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch Strasse 31, D-48149, Münster, Germany.

Biological Chemistry
|March 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Presynaptic terminals rapidly recycle synaptic vesicles (SVs) through compensatory endocytosis. A specialized membrane microcompartment, the readily retrievable pool (RRetP), organizes this process for efficient neurotransmission.

Keywords:
RRPRRetPclathrinexocytosis: endocytosissynapse

More Related Videos

An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins
09:33

An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins

Published on: June 26, 2018

7.6K
Live Imaging of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in the Neuromuscular Junction of Dissected Larval Zebrafish
07:22

Live Imaging of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in the Neuromuscular Junction of Dissected Larval Zebrafish

Published on: February 7, 2025

653

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Studying Synaptic Vesicle Pools using Photoconversion of Styryl Dyes
08:46

Studying Synaptic Vesicle Pools using Photoconversion of Styryl Dyes

Published on: February 15, 2010

11.8K
An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins
09:33

An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins

Published on: June 26, 2018

7.6K
Live Imaging of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in the Neuromuscular Junction of Dissected Larval Zebrafish
07:22

Live Imaging of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in the Neuromuscular Junction of Dissected Larval Zebrafish

Published on: February 7, 2025

653

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Neuronal communication relies on synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis at active zones.
  • Efficient recycling of SV membrane and proteins via compensatory endocytosis is crucial for sustained neurotransmission.
  • Presynaptic terminals exhibit tight coupling of exocytosis and endocytosis for rapid SV reformation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence supporting the role of a specialized membrane microcompartment in presynaptic compensatory endocytosis.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which presynaptic terminals maintain neurotransmission through rapid SV recycling.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing literature on synaptic vesicle dynamics and endocytosis.
  • Evidence for the readily retrievable pool (RRetP) microcompartment is examined.
  • The role of clathrin and adaptor complexes in SV reformation is considered.

Main Results:

  • Presynaptic terminals utilize a specialized membrane microcompartment, the RRetP, for triggered compensatory endocytosis.
  • The RRetP contains pre-sorted and pre-assembled endocytic membrane patches with vesicle cargo.
  • This organization ensures high-fidelity reformation of SVs with uniform morphology and molecular composition.

Conclusions:

  • The RRetP microcompartment is proposed as the primary organizer of presynaptic triggered compensatory endocytosis.
  • This mechanism is essential for maintaining neurotransmission by ensuring rapid and efficient SV recycling.
  • Understanding the RRetP offers insights into the molecular choreography of synaptic function.