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Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

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Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating...
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Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration
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Nicotine on the developing brain.

Emily M Castro1, Shahrdad Lotfipour2, Frances M Leslie1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.

Pharmacological Research
|March 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nicotine exposure during critical developmental periods harms brain maturation, affecting cognition and behavior. These effects can be long-lasting, impacting future generations through epigenetic changes.

Keywords:
AdolescenceE-cigarettesEpigeneticsPrenatalTobaccoTransgenerational transmission

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Adolescence and gestation are critical brain development periods with heightened plasticity.
  • Nicotine products, including noncombustible alternatives, are widely used by vulnerable populations like adolescents and pregnant women.
  • Misperceptions of safety for newer nicotine products contribute to their prevalence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical and preclinical evidence on nicotine's adverse effects on the developing brain.
  • To examine time-dependent nicotine-induced alterations in reward circuitry and behavior.
  • To highlight long-lasting and transgenerational impacts of developmental nicotine exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing clinical studies.
  • Analysis of preclinical (animal model) research findings.
  • Examination of neurobiological and behavioral outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Developmental nicotine exposure detrimentally affects cardiorespiratory function, learning, memory, executive function, and reward systems.
  • Nicotine exposure during sensitive windows causes unique, time-dependent changes in brain reward regions and drug-seeking behaviors.
  • Long-term consequences include persistent alterations into adulthood and heritable epigenetic modifications.

Conclusions:

  • Developmental nicotine exposure poses significant risks to brain development and function.
  • Understanding these risks is crucial for public health, especially concerning adolescents and pregnant women.
  • Nicotine's impact on neurodevelopment is linked to substance use disorder mechanisms and may have transgenerational implications.