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Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions
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Virtual (Zoom) Interactions Alter Conversational Behavior and Interbrain Coherence.

Stephanie Balters1, Jonas G Miller2, Rihui Li3

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 balters@stanford.edu.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|March 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Virtual interactions via videoconferencing reduce cooperative behavior and alter brain activity, specifically interbrain coherence. These changes negatively impact social dynamics and task performance, suggesting a need for improved virtual communication technologies.

Keywords:
cooperationfunctional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)hyperscanningsocial neurosciencevirtual interaction

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Social Psychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Videoconferencing platforms are increasingly central to social interactions.
  • The impact of virtual communication on behavior and neurobiology remains poorly understood.
  • Understanding these effects is crucial for optimizing digital interaction technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of virtual versus in-person interactions on social behavior.
  • To examine changes in subjective experience and neural activity (single-brain and interbrain) during virtual interactions.
  • To identify how videoconferencing technology influences cooperation and communication dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) neuroimaging was used to record brain activity in 36 human dyads (72 participants).
  • Participants engaged in problem-solving, creative-innovation, and socio-emotional tasks in either in-person or virtual (Zoom) conditions.
  • Cooperative behavior was objectively coded from audio recordings, alongside subjective assessments and neural data analysis.

Main Results:

  • Virtual interactions showed reduced conversational turn-taking, which correlated with lower subjective cooperation and task performance.
  • Altered patterns of averaged and dynamic interbrain coherence were observed in the virtual condition.
  • Specific interbrain coherence patterns in virtual interactions were associated with decreased conversational turn-taking and cooperation.

Conclusions:

  • Videoconferencing technology appears to adversely affect social interaction quality and neurobiological coupling.
  • Reduced conversational turn-taking and altered interbrain coherence are key indicators of diminished social dynamics in virtual settings.
  • Findings highlight the necessity for enhanced videoconferencing design to support effective communication and cooperation.