Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists in Patients With Inflammatory Arthritis or Psoriasis: A Scoping Review

Obesity is a proinflammatory state associated with increased disease severity in various types of inflammatory arthritis. Weight loss is associated with improved disease activity in certain forms of inflammatory arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). We conducted a scoping review summarizing the literature evaluating the effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists on weight and disease activity in patients with inflammatory arthritis or psoriasis. MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, and Embase were searched for publications evaluating the role of GLP-1 analogs in RA, PsA, psoriasis, axial spondyloarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, gout, and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Nineteen studies were included: 1 gout study, 5 RA studies (3 basic science, 1 case report, and 1 longitudinal cohort), and 13 psoriasis studies (2 basic science, 4 case reports, 2 combined basic science/clinical studies, 3 longitudinal cohorts, and 2 randomized controlled trials). No psoriasis study reported on PsA outcomes. Basic science experiments demonstrated weight-independent immunomodulatory effects of GLP-1 analogs through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway (via AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in psoriasis and prevention of IκBα phosphorylation in RA). In RA, improved disease activity was reported. In psoriasis, 4 of 5 clinical studies demonstrated significant improvements in Psoriasis Area Severity Index and weight/body mass index with no major adverse events. Common limitations included small sample sizes, short follow-up periods, and lack of control groups. GLP-1 analogs safely cause weight loss and have potential weight-independent anti-inflammatory effects. Their role as an adjunct in patients with inflammatory arthritis and obesity or diabetes is understudied, warranting future research.