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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Author Spotlight: Reprogramming Cancer Cells to iPSCs to Study Disease Progression and Treatment Targets
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Epigenetic rejuvenation by partial reprogramming.

Deepika Puri1,2, Wolfgang Wagner1,2

  • 1Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany.

Bioessays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
|March 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Cellular reprogramming can reverse aging, but complete dedifferentiation risks teratomas. Partial reprogramming offers rejuvenation while preserving cell identity, but requires further study for control and stability.

Keywords:
DNA methylationageing clockepigeneticiPSCinterrupted reprogrammingpartial reprogrammingpluripotentrejuvenationreprogrammingtransient reprogramming

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Aging research
  • Stem cell science

Background:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reverse aging markers but cause dedifferentiation and teratoma risk.
  • Partial reprogramming offers potential rejuvenation without losing cellular identity.

Approach:

  • Reviewing current literature on cellular reprogramming and rejuvenation.
  • Discussing the potential to uncouple rejuvenation from pluripotency.
  • Exploring alternative rejuvenation strategies like transdifferentiation.

Key Points:

  • Complete reprogramming to iPSCs resets aging but sacrifices cell identity.
  • Partial reprogramming may reset epigenetic clocks while maintaining cell identity.
  • The definition, control, and stability of partial reprogramming are not yet established.

Conclusions:

  • Investigating whether rejuvenation can be separated from pluripotency is crucial.
  • Further research is needed to understand and control partial reprogramming for therapeutic applications.