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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

256
Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
256
Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

512
Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
512
Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management01:21

Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management

183
Surgical interventions for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are essential in managing symptoms and addressing complications. The selection of surgical procedures is contingent upon the specific conditions and complications that stem from these illnesses.
Here are some common surgical interventions for IBD:
183
Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

330
Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic, systemic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that predominantly affects the gastrointestinal tract. It is marked by...
330
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy

382
Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Diagnostic studies
A colonoscopy is the definitive screening test, distinguishing ulcerative colitis from other colon diseases with similar symptoms. During a colonoscopy test, inflamed mucosa with exudate ulcerations can be observed, and biopsies are taken to determine the histologic characteristics of the...
382
Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

552
The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
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Non-clostridium difficile induced pseudomembranous colitis.

Gowthami Sai Kogilathota Jagirdhar1, Salim Surani2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Saint Michaels Medical Center, Newark, NJ 07102, United States.

World Journal of Clinical Cases
|March 6, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Pseudomembranous colitis involves severe colon inflammation, often caused by Clostridium difficile but also other agents. Evaluating alternative causes is crucial when Clostridium difficile testing is negative or treatment fails.

Keywords:
Digestive system diseasesEnterocolitisGastroenteritisGastrointestinal diseasesInfectionsNon-Clostridium difficilePseudomembranous colitis

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Pseudomembranous colitis is severe colon inflammation characterized by plaques and membranes.
  • While Clostridium difficile is the most common cause, other pathogens and agents can induce similar injury.
  • Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and dehydration, with potential for severe complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse etiologies of pseudomembranous colitis.
  • To discuss the management strategies for this condition based on existing literature.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pseudomembranous colitis.
  • Analysis of causative pathogens, clinical presentation, and differential diagnoses.
  • Summary of management approaches.

Main Results:

  • Clostridium difficile is the primary cause, but other bacterial, viral, parasitic, medication-induced, and ischemic factors are important considerations.
  • Differential diagnosis is essential when Clostridium difficile is not identified or treatment is ineffective.
  • Potential complications include toxic megacolon, perforation, and septic shock.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment are vital to prevent severe complications of pseudomembranous colitis.
  • Considering a broad range of etiologies beyond Clostridium difficile is critical for effective patient management.