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The hypodermis (the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia) is present directly below the dermis. It connects the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles. It is not strictly a part of the skin, although the border between the hypodermis and dermis can be difficult to distinguish. The hypodermis consists of well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Isolation of Viable Adipocytes and Stromal Vascular Fraction from Human Visceral Adipose Tissue Suitable for RNA Analysis and Macrophage Phenotyping
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Capturing the multifaceted function of adipose tissue macrophages.

Alyssa J Matz1, Lili Qu1, Keaton Karlinsey1

  • 1Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|March 6, 2023
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Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) contribute to obesity-related metabolic issues but also support fat tissue health. Understanding ATM plasticity is key to targeting them for metabolic disease therapies.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Metabolic Health
  • Adipose Tissue Biology

Background:

  • Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) play a dual role in metabolic health.
  • These immune cells exacerbate obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction.
  • ATMs also perform crucial functions supporting adipose tissue homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex roles of ATMs in adipose tissue.
  • To explore regulatory networks governing ATM plasticity.
  • To highlight the need for high-resolution methods to study ATM functions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current knowledge on ATMs.
  • Analysis of regulatory networks impacting macrophage plasticity.
  • Discussion of ATM functions within the adipose tissue microenvironment.

Main Results:

  • ATMs are critical regulators of metabolic dysfunction in obesity.
  • ATMs actively participate in adipocyte clearance, lipid metabolism, and tissue remodeling.
  • Macrophage plasticity is influenced by the adipose tissue microenvironment.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting ATMs offers a potential therapeutic strategy for obesity-related diseases.
  • A deeper understanding of ATM plasticity is essential for developing effective interventions.
  • Advanced methods are required to fully elucidate the dynamic functions of ATMs in adipose tissue.