Update on nonpolio enterovirus and parechovirus infections in neonates and young infants

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Infectious Diseases
• Pediatrics

Background:

• Nonpolio enteroviruses and parechoviruses (PeV) are significant causes of childhood illness, particularly severe in neonates and infants.
• While often asymptomatic, these viral infections can lead to severe morbidity and mortality globally, with potential long-term neurological sequelae.
• Current therapeutic options are limited, with no approved antiviral agents available.

Approach:

• This review synthesizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, clinical presentations, and management of nonpolio enterovirus and PeV infections.
• It identifies critical research gaps concerning long-term outcomes and the lack of effective treatments and vaccines.
• The review emphasizes the potential of structural and functional elucidation for developing novel therapies and vaccines.

Key Points:

• Severe nonpolio enterovirus and PeV infections disproportionately affect neonates and young infants, causing significant health burdens.
• Long-term consequences, especially following central nervous system infections in neonates, require further investigation.
• The absence of specific antiviral treatments and vaccines underscores the urgent need for research and development.

Conclusions:

• Understanding the epidemiology and clinical spectrum of nonpolio enterovirus and PeV is crucial for public health.
• Addressing knowledge gaps in treatment and prevention, including vaccine development, is a priority.
• Active surveillance and further research into viral mechanisms are essential for informing future preventive strategies.